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Other disorders affecting the esophagus include obstruction (which may result from cancer), webs (Schatzki’s ring being the major example), and motility disturbances. Emetic injuries and iatrogenic trauma (chiefly from endoscopy) may lead to perforation. Portal hypertension causes esophageal varices. Large epiphrenic diverticula can form just above the esophageal hiatus. The distal 5 cm of the [...]

Lower esophageal disorders that may require surgery include cancer, esophagitis, perforation, motility disturbances, Schatzki’s ring, epiphrenic diverticula, and esophageal varices. Cancer (See also NEOPLASMS OP THE ESOPHAGUS in Ch. 60) Many carcinomas that arise in the cardia or in hiatus hernias invade the lower esophagus; these adenocarcinomas appear to have a slightly better prognosis than [...]